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PQ4R

PQ4R
Image from Thomas and Robinson, Improving Reading in Every Class (1972)

PQ4R is a reading and study model presented by Ellen Lamar Thomas and H. Alan Robinson in Improving Reading in Every Class in 1972. It can serve as a practical strategy for approaching complex texts. Its name stands for Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite and Review.

Preview examines the text’s structure and clues; Question formulates questions; Read searches for answers; Reflect connects new information with prior knowledge and examples; Recite recalls without relying on the text; Review checks and organises learning. Reading becomes an inquiring, metacognitive activity rather than simple repetition.

PQ4R develops the earlier SQ3R — Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review — formulated by Francis P. Robinson and described in Effective Study in 1946. The explicit Reflect step emphasises elaboration and connections with what the reader already knows.

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